Archive for June 25th, 2009
Posted on June 25, 2009 - by Vic Desotelle
What Every Manager Can Learn From Barack Obama
Andrew Rondeau asked:
The First-Class Barack Obama Campaign
If you want to see this movie played out to its full effect on a national stage, look no further than the Barack Obama campaign. Barack Obama has assembled a first rate political campaign – the best of all the remaining presidential candidates, and it’s starting to pay huge dividends.
Barack Obama isn’t winning because he’s a great inspirational speaker – although that doesn’t hurt. He’s winning because his campaign is better managed and organized. Plain and simple.
How They Run Their Campaign…
In fact, I think the way Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama are running their respective campaigns is a snapshot into how they would each run the country. Obama’s campaign is exciting and extremely well organized and he reaches across political, gender and ethnic lines. His campaign is a well-oiled machine.
And the fact that he’s an amazing speaker makes people want to follow him even more.
Hilary Clinton Is So Disorganized
Hillary’s campaign on the other hand is extremely disorganized, rife with juvenile in-fighting and she is a very polarizing candidate. Not only that, in her attempts to stave off Obama’s steam roller like momentum, she changes her message every week. She started out with “Ready from day one” being the theme of her campaign. Now it’s “Speeches vs. solutions.” Where’s the managerial consistency? Good managers don’t panic at the first sign of adversity. But that’s exactly what her campaign is doing and that’s why Obama is winning.
What Environment Would You Prefer To Work In – Barack or Hilary?
Does that sound like some of the work environments you’ve been in? According to the website The GoodManager.com, ”It is the job of the manager to coordinate the work of others and is held accountable for their work. The five main jobs of managers are planning, organizing and staffing, leading and motivating the organization, coordination through communication of objectives and plans, and assessing and measuring the work of employees. Effective managers are able to use their skills in each of these areas to attain the goals of the organization.”
Learn For Free…
The above statement describes Barack Obama management abilities to a “T.” Barack Obama’s campaign is a successful business model that every manager can learn from. And you don’t have to pay a dime to do it, because he’s on the internet, on television and in the newspapers every single day.
Watch and learn!
Kansieo.com
The First-Class Barack Obama Campaign
If you want to see this movie played out to its full effect on a national stage, look no further than the Barack Obama campaign. Barack Obama has assembled a first rate political campaign – the best of all the remaining presidential candidates, and it’s starting to pay huge dividends.
Barack Obama isn’t winning because he’s a great inspirational speaker – although that doesn’t hurt. He’s winning because his campaign is better managed and organized. Plain and simple.
How They Run Their Campaign…
In fact, I think the way Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama are running their respective campaigns is a snapshot into how they would each run the country. Obama’s campaign is exciting and extremely well organized and he reaches across political, gender and ethnic lines. His campaign is a well-oiled machine.
And the fact that he’s an amazing speaker makes people want to follow him even more.
Hilary Clinton Is So Disorganized
Hillary’s campaign on the other hand is extremely disorganized, rife with juvenile in-fighting and she is a very polarizing candidate. Not only that, in her attempts to stave off Obama’s steam roller like momentum, she changes her message every week. She started out with “Ready from day one” being the theme of her campaign. Now it’s “Speeches vs. solutions.” Where’s the managerial consistency? Good managers don’t panic at the first sign of adversity. But that’s exactly what her campaign is doing and that’s why Obama is winning.
What Environment Would You Prefer To Work In – Barack or Hilary?
Does that sound like some of the work environments you’ve been in? According to the website The GoodManager.com, ”It is the job of the manager to coordinate the work of others and is held accountable for their work. The five main jobs of managers are planning, organizing and staffing, leading and motivating the organization, coordination through communication of objectives and plans, and assessing and measuring the work of employees. Effective managers are able to use their skills in each of these areas to attain the goals of the organization.”
Learn For Free…
The above statement describes Barack Obama management abilities to a “T.” Barack Obama’s campaign is a successful business model that every manager can learn from. And you don’t have to pay a dime to do it, because he’s on the internet, on television and in the newspapers every single day.
Watch and learn!
Kansieo.com
Posted on June 25, 2009 - by Vic Desotelle
Graphic Organizers and Learning
Lina Smith asked:
Learning is a very personal thing – for some people it comes very easily and they can learn using traditional methods. Others can struggle or find that they need to use different techniques to be able to learn effectively. With this in mind, teachers and other learning professionals have developed various learning methods and techniques to enhance the learning experience of both young and old alike. One of these methods is the use of graphic organizers.
Graphic organizers are a visual way of representing concepts, ideas and areas of knowledge and can take a variety of different forms from more simple classification organizers, relational organizers and sequence organizers to more complex graphic organizers such as concept development organizers and options and control device organizers. Studies have shown that using graphic organizers can help learners to improve their recall skills, cut down on boredom when learning, create an interest in topics, help to organize thoughts and enhance understanding. This can make all the difference to a child or adult who finds learning new concepts quite trying and difficult to grasp.
Storyboards, which are used to develop film and story plots (and are used in comics) are one of the types of graphic organizers that fall into the relational organizers category and they are widely used in schools. Charts also fall into this category and these can be highly beneficial to help learners understand what percentages look like – when used as a pie chart for instance. Using visual representations of knowledge can help to break down many of the barriers that some learners will come across during their education. Graphic organizers, when used in this way can be a huge help to anyone who finds abstract thoughts challenging.
Another type of graphic organizers that are commonly used in educational establishments and in the workplace are mind maps. These are diagrams which represent a chain of thoughts and ideas all stemming from a central theme. They can be massively helpful when a group of people are discussing new concepts and want to get as many opinions on it as possible. When viewed these types of graphic organizers can look a little unstructured, but as you then follow the map you can see the logic within it.
Flow charts are very useful graphic organizers which can be used to help people to understand a process and they can be as simple or as complex as the process requires. These are often used to help children with autism who need to have a structured timetable for each day at school and at home that they can refer to. Graphic organizers when used in this way can provide a solid foundation for autistic children to work with and use in order to cope with each day and feel secure.
As shown graphic organizers can help people in a multitude of ways and they can range from the very simple to the extremely complex – but they all have one thing in common – they help people to understand concepts.
Caffeinated Content
Learning is a very personal thing – for some people it comes very easily and they can learn using traditional methods. Others can struggle or find that they need to use different techniques to be able to learn effectively. With this in mind, teachers and other learning professionals have developed various learning methods and techniques to enhance the learning experience of both young and old alike. One of these methods is the use of graphic organizers.
Graphic organizers are a visual way of representing concepts, ideas and areas of knowledge and can take a variety of different forms from more simple classification organizers, relational organizers and sequence organizers to more complex graphic organizers such as concept development organizers and options and control device organizers. Studies have shown that using graphic organizers can help learners to improve their recall skills, cut down on boredom when learning, create an interest in topics, help to organize thoughts and enhance understanding. This can make all the difference to a child or adult who finds learning new concepts quite trying and difficult to grasp.
Storyboards, which are used to develop film and story plots (and are used in comics) are one of the types of graphic organizers that fall into the relational organizers category and they are widely used in schools. Charts also fall into this category and these can be highly beneficial to help learners understand what percentages look like – when used as a pie chart for instance. Using visual representations of knowledge can help to break down many of the barriers that some learners will come across during their education. Graphic organizers, when used in this way can be a huge help to anyone who finds abstract thoughts challenging.
Another type of graphic organizers that are commonly used in educational establishments and in the workplace are mind maps. These are diagrams which represent a chain of thoughts and ideas all stemming from a central theme. They can be massively helpful when a group of people are discussing new concepts and want to get as many opinions on it as possible. When viewed these types of graphic organizers can look a little unstructured, but as you then follow the map you can see the logic within it.
Flow charts are very useful graphic organizers which can be used to help people to understand a process and they can be as simple or as complex as the process requires. These are often used to help children with autism who need to have a structured timetable for each day at school and at home that they can refer to. Graphic organizers when used in this way can provide a solid foundation for autistic children to work with and use in order to cope with each day and feel secure.
As shown graphic organizers can help people in a multitude of ways and they can range from the very simple to the extremely complex – but they all have one thing in common – they help people to understand concepts.
Caffeinated Content
Posted on June 25, 2009 - by Vic Desotelle
Why We Should Reject the Current Agri Practices and What Should We Do to Meet the Ever Increasing Global Hunger Sustainably
Dr.Ashok Kumar Panigrahi asked:
Why we should reject the current agri practices and what should we do to meet the ever increasing global hunger sustainably.
Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi & Mrs. Kusum Misra.
1. Green revolution practices are based on synthetic chemicals and biocides.
2. Genetically modified crop varieties (such as Bt cotton) have all failed in the long run. 3. Soil has become hard, without pores, lost water retaining ability and full of resistant pest eggs. 4. The crop field ecosystem at present is composed of seral community (that has least species diversity, input oriented productivity leading to instability), hence, nonsustainable. 5.
The crop field ecosystem is neither visited by pollinating bees and predatory birds (because they are all dead and gone) nor its soil contains the beneficial microbes such as mycorrhizae or VAM.
6.
The so called food is devoid of vitamins A and C (due to excess use of MOP), copper and zinc (due to application of DAP/Super phosphate) and manganese, nickel and cobalt (through the use of paper mill sludge at places where there are paper mills, such as Balasore).
7.
The so called food contains more carbohydrate and less protein because of the applications of
artificial synthetic fertilizers.
8.
According to several environmentalists and soil chemists, modern agriculture yields two crops one is disease and the other one is pest. Besides the so called food is toxic due to excess presence of nitrates and nitrites that cause methaemoglobinaemia which resulted in a cattle epidemic in Rajasthan in the recent past.
9.
Eutrophication in water bodies that lead to fish death is due to excess use of nitrogenous
fertilizers.
10
According to Pearson, there occurs on an average over 10,000 pesticide related human deaths and nearly 10 times of that figure get hospitalized for the agricultural pesticides in developing countries every year.
Genetically Modified Crops in Perspective
Lessons learned from 5 decades of insecticide based cotton pest management are relevant in assessing the likely longer-run impacts of GM crops on pesticide use.3 major families of chemistry have accounted for most cotton insecticide use from the 1960s through 1680s –the organochlorines,or chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT,aldrin/dialdrin,toxaphene,chlordane/heptachlor);the organophosphates (parathion,malathion,chlorpyriphos etc. among many others) ; and carbamates (aldicarb,carbofuran, oxamyl,carbaryl etc.). In the mid 1980s the synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin etc.) came in to use. Changes in reliance across the families of Chemistry are shown in the Table next.
Table: Changes in cotton insecticide use by family of chemistry (million pounds a.i. ),USDA Data.
Compounds 1964 1966 1971 1976 1982 1992 1998 2000
Organochlorines 54.6 45.4 33 18.6 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.5
Organophosphates 15.6 14.3 28.6 31.4 12.9 13.4 11.3 36.1
Carbamates 6.2 4.5 10.3 12.2 3.5 4 2.7 3.5
Syn.Pyrethroids 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3
Others 1.6 0.7 1.5 2 1 0.3 0.1 0.1
—————————————————————————————————————–
Total poundsApplied- 78 64.9 73.4 64.2 19.4 19.8 14.8 40.5
(Source- Agrobios n l November, 2002.)
Comparison of Organic farming vrs Chemical farming in terms of Gross input, Gross return, Net return & BC ratio.
Farmer – S N Patra (Balasore,Orissa) , Soil – Deltaic alluvial (clay)
Season – Rabi, 2003-04, Crop – Rice, Variety – Lalat (HYV)
Treatment Grain Yield Straw Yld. Gross Gross Net B C ratio
(Qtl./Acre ) (Qtl./Acre) Input Return Return ( GrossReturn/
(in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) GrossInput)
——————- ————– ————- ——— ———– ——— ————–
* Control (+ compost.) 12.7 15.85 4,740/- 7,872/- 3,132/- 1.66
* Azolla (2T) +Fresh
Cow dung(10q) 19.4 24.03 5,090/- 12,010/- 6,920/- 2.359
* Pongam
Oil cake(2.5q) 21.6 26.7 6,490/- 13,368/- 6,878/- 2.059
* Fresh cow dung 18.3 23.74 5,090/- 11,415/- 6,325/- 2.242
* Pong.cake(1.5q)+Azolla+
Cow urine(500L) 23.5 29.47 5,690/- 14,577/- 8,887/- 2.561
* Chemical(with
N:P:K-32:16:16) 20.2 25.27 6,855/- 12,259/- 5,404/- 1.788
• All the 6 plots were of 0.5dec.each & replicated 3 times ;all applications once in basal,1st.TD&2nd.TD
Farmer: R N Barik ( Bhimpur pahi, Balasore, Orissa ) Soil: Coastal alluvial (sandy loam); Season: Kharif,2004-05. Crop: Rice, Variety: Pooja (HYV)
Treatment Grain yield Straw yield Gross Input Gross Return Net Return B C Ratio
( Qtl/Acre ) ( Qtl/Acre ) ( in Rs. ) ( in Rs. ) ( in Rs. ) ( GR/GI )
* Control (+compost) 16.5 22.1 4,640/- 10,348/- 5,708/- 2.23
* Compost+Biofertilr. 18.8 23.5 4,990/- 11,656/- 6,666/- 2.336
*
Comp.+BF+Azolla 20.1 25.02 4,990/- 12,453/- 7,463/- 2.496
* Poultry manure+BF` 20.4 26.5 5,290/- 12,728/- 7,438/- 2.406
*
Sesbania+BF 20.9 27 5,100/- 13,028/- 7,928/- 2.555
*
NeemOC(1Q)+
Compost+BF 21.2 27.7 5,590/- 13,240/- 7,650/- 2.369
* Sesbania+Compost+
Pong.OC(1Q)+BF 21.9 28.52 5,500/- 13,670/- 8,170/- 2.485
* Sesbania+Compost+
NeemOC (1Q) +BF 22.1 29.4 5,700/- 13,844/- 8,144/- 2.429
* Chemical( with
N P K @32:16:16) 21.9 27.5 6,755/- 13,313/- 6,558/- 1.971
Study of Rice productivity under different applications in captive (potted) conditions conducted at FM (Auto.)College, Balasore,Orissa.
Initial soil fertility index :- N = 269.7, P = 61.9, K = 561.25 ( all in kg/ha.)
Applications
Soil Fertility at
30 DAT (in
Kg/ha.)
Soil Fertility after harvest (in Kg/ha.)
Grain Yield per pot(Gm)
Straw Yield
per pot(Gm)
N P K
N P K
Control
266.56 79.8 538.9
175.6 39.75 405.8
16
36
Chem.(32:16:16)
379.45 75.66 567.1
213.24 40.39 478.4
10
24
Vermi compost
279.1 85.9 553.7
181.8 50.01 405.8
28
42
FYM+BF
285.3 83.3 552.3
185 48.09 404.5
22
33
Azolla(4.5gm)
288.5 85.9 525.5
178.75 50.2 419.3
25
36
Pou.Man(2.25gm)
285.3 88.4 525.5
191.2 35.25 409.9
24
36
Sesbania(100gm)
271.2 75 526.8
141.12 40.13 411.2
20
43
Pong.OC(1gm)
274.4 76.9 528.1
169.3 32.44 424.7
29
37
Pong.OC(2gm)
285.3 80.7 540.2
169.3 45.2 404.5
32
34
NeemOC(1.5gm)
285.37 83.3 567.1
216.3 48.9 413.95
24
38
Sesbania+BF
266.5 93.6 533.5
163.07 42.57 413.9
23
35
NeemOC+BF
279.1 88.5 557.7
213.2 42.7 419.3
24
38
Verm.Com+BF+
POC(2.5gm) =
344 83.3 565.8
225.7 42.9 423.36
31
39
Sesbania+VC+NOC+
BF+CowUrine
376.3 82.07 557.7
254 42.3 427.3
29
47
Sesbania+VC+NOC+
BF+CU+Azolla
398.2 81.43 553.7
257.1 41.6 421.4
40
49
Sesbania+VC+POC+
BF+CU+Azolla
392 88.48 552.3
258.7 48.2 440.8
32
38
Sesbania+VC+POC+
BF+CU+NOC
388.8 89.2 557.7
254 47.4 442.1
33
56
Sesbania+PM+POC+
BF+CU+NOC
401.4 91.05 540.2
260.2 45.14 419.3
19
22
Type of worm cast
Nitrogen ( kg / ha )
Phosphorus
( kg / ha )
Potash
( kg / ha )
Road side cast under shade ( Metaphire posthuma )
610.2
47.7
781
Worm cast collected from a cultured pot with both, Perionyx excavatus &Eisenia foetida
573.88
70.65
825.85
Worm cast of P.excavatus
558.2
52.2
611.52
Worm cast of mixed species(collected from vegetable cultivated field of ribbed gourd)*
698.92
90.36
161*
Comparison of Nutrient availability in soil sample with worm cast
Available Nutrient
( in Kg / ha )
Soil sample from the site
(control)
Worm cast of
M.posthuma
, giant
tropical earthworm
Soil sample from the site
(control)
Worm cast of
(mixed species)
P.excavatus
E.foetida
(1:1)
(1:1) &
Nitrogen
340.2
610.2
269.7
573.88
Phosphorus
40.8
46.7
61.9
70.65
Potash
380.7
781
561.25
825.85
AN EXAMPLE OF ORGANIC FARMING CONVERTED TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IN RICE) IN THREE YEARS TIME
Farmer: – Pitambar Jena Village: – MangalpurDistrict: – Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: – Sandy loam, Period of organic management – since 2001
Crop:-Rice Variety: – Kasturi (HYV), Cultivation under study: -kharif 2004 – 05
Area under cultivation: – 1214 sq.mts.(30dec.,approximately- 1 bigha)
Ingredients applied (@ as below since 2001)
1. Sesbania (dhanicha)- 3 kg (@ of 10 kg/acre), incorporated at pre flowering stage.
2. Pongam oil cake— 45 kg (@ 1.5 qntls./acre), applied at the time pudling (with dhanicha).
3.
Farm yard manure – 3 qntls.( @ 10 qntls/acre) applied at the time sowing of dhanicha seeds(after 2nd ploughing)
.
4. Stocked cow urine as collected from the cattle shed with soil and applied in the field – in 2 applications ( at the time of 1st T D and 2nd T D )- 1.2 qntls (@ 4 qntls/acre).
5. Regular fresh dilute(1:9) cow urine applications-from panicle initiation till ripening of paddy seeds.(cow urine – N= 78 / 83 ppm; P = 8.18 –/9.73 ppm ; K = 387.5 / 385.5 ppm
with reference to Jersey and native cow respectively ).
Soil fertility Index as observed-
Time of sample collection N(kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha)
——————————– —————– ————— ——————–
Initial soil fertility ——– 283.7 42.6 168.3
45 days after transplantation 458.2 45.8 273.6
75 -do- -do- 462.1 39.9 260.1
After harvesting of crop 393.6 35.2 254.7
Actual Grain Yield
(in quintal)
Grain Yield
(in qntl./Ac)
Actual Straw yield
(in quintal)
Straw yield
(in qntl./Ac)
Gross Input
(in Rupees)
Gross Return
(in Rupees)
B: C Ratio
8.5
28.33
9.9
33
1,317/-
5,892/-
4.47
Observation of pest attack:- No significant pest attack was observed at any stage of cultivation
Sustainable agriculture is advantageous because:-
?
Least chance of seed – crop failure – farmer being the seed owner himself.
?
Soil full of humus, moisture and fertility.
?
Least dependence on purchased inputs – more dependence on internal inputs.
?
Least chances of crop failure due to pests and diseases, as pests are managed by biopest control measures and through use of botanicals.
?
Higher returns with higher cost benefit ratios.
?
Helps conserve water, the most important and critical resource of the time.
?
Ensures food safety with food security and can address the increasing global hunger adequately.
?
Preserves environment, maintain ecological balance.
?
Generates healthy and tasty food with higher keeping quality.
?
Makes agriculture a profitable enterprise, conserve the small and marginal farmers who produce the largest bulk of food.
?
Amplifies conservation of biodiversity including agro biodiversity.
Organic farming biological farming biodiversity based farming.
It is the method of agriculture which generates comparatively more food in harmony with the nature.
If the current high input oriented chemical agriculture be labelled
“green revolution”, then organic farming supplemented by biodiversity and positive biotechnology (including vermitechnology) easy enough for the farming communities the world over to understand and implement would be labeled as the “evergreen revolution”. However, the global approach to land use planning must be strictly and sustainably addressed to.
AN EXAMPLE OF ORGANIC FARMING CONVERTED TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IN RICE) IN THREE YEARS TIME
Farmer: – Pitambar Jena Village: – MangalpurDistrict: – Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: – Sandy loam, Period of organic management – since 2001
Crop:-Rice Variety: – Kasturi (HYV), Cultivation under study: -kharif 2004 – 05
Area under cultivation: – 1214 sq.mts.(30dec.,approximately- 1 bigha)
Ingredients applied (@ as below since 2001)
1. Sesbania (dhanicha)- 3 kg (@ of 10 kg/acre), incorporated at pre flowering stage.
2. Pongam oil cake— 45 kg (@ 1.5 qntls./acre), applied at the time pudling (with dhanicha).
3.
Farm yard manure – 3 qntls.( @ 10 qntls/acre) applied at the time sowing of dhanicha seeds(after 2nd ploughing)
.
4. Stocked cow urine as collected from the cattle shed with soil and applied in the field – in 2 applications ( at the time of 1st T D and 2nd T D )- 1.2 qntls (@ 4 qntls/acre).
5. Regular fresh dilute(1:9) cow urine applications-from panicle initiation till ripening of paddy seeds.(cow urine – N= 78 / 83 ppm; P = 8.18 –/9.73 ppm ; K = 387.5 / 385.5 ppm
with reference to Jersey and native cow respectively ).
Soil fertility Index as observed-
Time of sample collection N(kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha)
——————————– —————– ————— ——————–
Initial soil fertility ——– 283.7 42.6 168.3
45 days after transplantation 458.2 45.8 273.6
75 -do- -do- 462.1 39.9 260.1
After harvesting of crop 393.6 35.2 254.7
Inference on applications of captive conditions:-
1. In each pot 5 mother plants were transplanted which amounted to one hill. Assuming that there are 30 number of hills per square metre, it would work out to 1,21,410 number of hills in an acre, as an acre is 4047 square meters. The yield in pot no. 31, if replicated in field condition would yield Q.48.56 quintals per acre. However the applications made in the pots is difficult to simulate in field condition, hence, the yield in field condition would be little less.
2. There is no correlation between yield of grain and straw.
3. The best application to enhance soil fertility in order to achieve highest yield potentials, it is recommended to simulate that of pot no. 31,i,e., Sesbania + Vermicompost + Azolla + Neem oil cake + Bacterial fertilizers + Cow urine(all in 3 doses,basal,1st.TD & 2nd.TD)
4. In sustainability of the practice, bacterial fertilizers is a purchased input, however, the same would not be required in the long run. Besides, Neem oil cake also a purchased input can be replaced by ground Neem kernel at one third proportions. Thus all purchased inputs can be replaced by internal inputs. When this is so done, the practice becomes sustainable and yield enhanced.
CHANGES IN SOIL FERTILITY INDEX WITH REFERENCE TO N P K AFTER INCORPORATION OF DIFFERENT GREEN LEAF MANURES
Study undertaken by a team at FM (Auto.) College, Balasore (Orissa) with UGC assistance.
Nutrient Initial Soil Neem Leaf Moringa Leaf Water Hyacinth Cassia Leaf Pongam Leaf
Name fertility (Azadirachata) (Eichornia) (Pongamia)
——– ———– —————- ————— ——————- ————– —————
Nitrogen
(Kg/ha) 269.7 291.64 310.46 299.48 294.48 303.36
Phosphorus
(Kg/ha) 61.9 62.3 62.5 62 62.7 63
Potash
(Kg/ha) 561.25 591.36 598.08 608.83 596.73 594.04
Methods followed: N= Subiah & Asija, (Kjeldahl Appt.) P= Olsen, (Spectro photometer) &
& Apparatus used: K= Ammonium acetate, (MP based digital flame photometer)
Assessment of Nutrient status of Worm cast soil collected from different sites Conducted by a team at FM (Auto.) College, Balasore, (Orissa) with UGC assistance
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Why we should reject the current agri practices and what should we do to meet the ever increasing global hunger sustainably.
Dr. Ashok Kumar Panigrahi & Mrs. Kusum Misra.
1. Green revolution practices are based on synthetic chemicals and biocides.
2. Genetically modified crop varieties (such as Bt cotton) have all failed in the long run. 3. Soil has become hard, without pores, lost water retaining ability and full of resistant pest eggs. 4. The crop field ecosystem at present is composed of seral community (that has least species diversity, input oriented productivity leading to instability), hence, nonsustainable. 5.
The crop field ecosystem is neither visited by pollinating bees and predatory birds (because they are all dead and gone) nor its soil contains the beneficial microbes such as mycorrhizae or VAM.
6.
The so called food is devoid of vitamins A and C (due to excess use of MOP), copper and zinc (due to application of DAP/Super phosphate) and manganese, nickel and cobalt (through the use of paper mill sludge at places where there are paper mills, such as Balasore).
7.
The so called food contains more carbohydrate and less protein because of the applications of
artificial synthetic fertilizers.
8.
According to several environmentalists and soil chemists, modern agriculture yields two crops one is disease and the other one is pest. Besides the so called food is toxic due to excess presence of nitrates and nitrites that cause methaemoglobinaemia which resulted in a cattle epidemic in Rajasthan in the recent past.
9.
Eutrophication in water bodies that lead to fish death is due to excess use of nitrogenous
fertilizers.
10
According to Pearson, there occurs on an average over 10,000 pesticide related human deaths and nearly 10 times of that figure get hospitalized for the agricultural pesticides in developing countries every year.
Genetically Modified Crops in Perspective
Lessons learned from 5 decades of insecticide based cotton pest management are relevant in assessing the likely longer-run impacts of GM crops on pesticide use.3 major families of chemistry have accounted for most cotton insecticide use from the 1960s through 1680s –the organochlorines,or chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT,aldrin/dialdrin,toxaphene,chlordane/heptachlor);the organophosphates (parathion,malathion,chlorpyriphos etc. among many others) ; and carbamates (aldicarb,carbofuran, oxamyl,carbaryl etc.). In the mid 1980s the synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin etc.) came in to use. Changes in reliance across the families of Chemistry are shown in the Table next.
Table: Changes in cotton insecticide use by family of chemistry (million pounds a.i. ),USDA Data.
Compounds 1964 1966 1971 1976 1982 1992 1998 2000
Organochlorines 54.6 45.4 33 18.6 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.5
Organophosphates 15.6 14.3 28.6 31.4 12.9 13.4 11.3 36.1
Carbamates 6.2 4.5 10.3 12.2 3.5 4 2.7 3.5
Syn.Pyrethroids 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.3
Others 1.6 0.7 1.5 2 1 0.3 0.1 0.1
—————————————————————————————————————–
Total poundsApplied- 78 64.9 73.4 64.2 19.4 19.8 14.8 40.5
(Source- Agrobios n l November, 2002.)
Comparison of Organic farming vrs Chemical farming in terms of Gross input, Gross return, Net return & BC ratio.
Farmer – S N Patra (Balasore,Orissa) , Soil – Deltaic alluvial (clay)
Season – Rabi, 2003-04, Crop – Rice, Variety – Lalat (HYV)
Treatment Grain Yield Straw Yld. Gross Gross Net B C ratio
(Qtl./Acre ) (Qtl./Acre) Input Return Return ( GrossReturn/
(in Rs.) (in Rs.) (in Rs.) GrossInput)
——————- ————– ————- ——— ———– ——— ————–
* Control (+ compost.) 12.7 15.85 4,740/- 7,872/- 3,132/- 1.66
* Azolla (2T) +Fresh
Cow dung(10q) 19.4 24.03 5,090/- 12,010/- 6,920/- 2.359
* Pongam
Oil cake(2.5q) 21.6 26.7 6,490/- 13,368/- 6,878/- 2.059
* Fresh cow dung 18.3 23.74 5,090/- 11,415/- 6,325/- 2.242
* Pong.cake(1.5q)+Azolla+
Cow urine(500L) 23.5 29.47 5,690/- 14,577/- 8,887/- 2.561
* Chemical(with
N:P:K-32:16:16) 20.2 25.27 6,855/- 12,259/- 5,404/- 1.788
• All the 6 plots were of 0.5dec.each & replicated 3 times ;all applications once in basal,1st.TD&2nd.TD
Farmer: R N Barik ( Bhimpur pahi, Balasore, Orissa ) Soil: Coastal alluvial (sandy loam); Season: Kharif,2004-05. Crop: Rice, Variety: Pooja (HYV)
Treatment Grain yield Straw yield Gross Input Gross Return Net Return B C Ratio
( Qtl/Acre ) ( Qtl/Acre ) ( in Rs. ) ( in Rs. ) ( in Rs. ) ( GR/GI )
* Control (+compost) 16.5 22.1 4,640/- 10,348/- 5,708/- 2.23
* Compost+Biofertilr. 18.8 23.5 4,990/- 11,656/- 6,666/- 2.336
*
Comp.+BF+Azolla 20.1 25.02 4,990/- 12,453/- 7,463/- 2.496
* Poultry manure+BF` 20.4 26.5 5,290/- 12,728/- 7,438/- 2.406
*
Sesbania+BF 20.9 27 5,100/- 13,028/- 7,928/- 2.555
*
NeemOC(1Q)+
Compost+BF 21.2 27.7 5,590/- 13,240/- 7,650/- 2.369
* Sesbania+Compost+
Pong.OC(1Q)+BF 21.9 28.52 5,500/- 13,670/- 8,170/- 2.485
* Sesbania+Compost+
NeemOC (1Q) +BF 22.1 29.4 5,700/- 13,844/- 8,144/- 2.429
* Chemical( with
N P K @32:16:16) 21.9 27.5 6,755/- 13,313/- 6,558/- 1.971
Study of Rice productivity under different applications in captive (potted) conditions conducted at FM (Auto.)College, Balasore,Orissa.
Initial soil fertility index :- N = 269.7, P = 61.9, K = 561.25 ( all in kg/ha.)
Applications
Soil Fertility at
30 DAT (in
Kg/ha.)
Soil Fertility after harvest (in Kg/ha.)
Grain Yield per pot(Gm)
Straw Yield
per pot(Gm)
N P K
N P K
Control
266.56 79.8 538.9
175.6 39.75 405.8
16
36
Chem.(32:16:16)
379.45 75.66 567.1
213.24 40.39 478.4
10
24
Vermi compost
279.1 85.9 553.7
181.8 50.01 405.8
28
42
FYM+BF
285.3 83.3 552.3
185 48.09 404.5
22
33
Azolla(4.5gm)
288.5 85.9 525.5
178.75 50.2 419.3
25
36
Pou.Man(2.25gm)
285.3 88.4 525.5
191.2 35.25 409.9
24
36
Sesbania(100gm)
271.2 75 526.8
141.12 40.13 411.2
20
43
Pong.OC(1gm)
274.4 76.9 528.1
169.3 32.44 424.7
29
37
Pong.OC(2gm)
285.3 80.7 540.2
169.3 45.2 404.5
32
34
NeemOC(1.5gm)
285.37 83.3 567.1
216.3 48.9 413.95
24
38
Sesbania+BF
266.5 93.6 533.5
163.07 42.57 413.9
23
35
NeemOC+BF
279.1 88.5 557.7
213.2 42.7 419.3
24
38
Verm.Com+BF+
POC(2.5gm) =
344 83.3 565.8
225.7 42.9 423.36
31
39
Sesbania+VC+NOC+
BF+CowUrine
376.3 82.07 557.7
254 42.3 427.3
29
47
Sesbania+VC+NOC+
BF+CU+Azolla
398.2 81.43 553.7
257.1 41.6 421.4
40
49
Sesbania+VC+POC+
BF+CU+Azolla
392 88.48 552.3
258.7 48.2 440.8
32
38
Sesbania+VC+POC+
BF+CU+NOC
388.8 89.2 557.7
254 47.4 442.1
33
56
Sesbania+PM+POC+
BF+CU+NOC
401.4 91.05 540.2
260.2 45.14 419.3
19
22
Type of worm cast
Nitrogen ( kg / ha )
Phosphorus
( kg / ha )
Potash
( kg / ha )
Road side cast under shade ( Metaphire posthuma )
610.2
47.7
781
Worm cast collected from a cultured pot with both, Perionyx excavatus &Eisenia foetida
573.88
70.65
825.85
Worm cast of P.excavatus
558.2
52.2
611.52
Worm cast of mixed species(collected from vegetable cultivated field of ribbed gourd)*
698.92
90.36
161*
Comparison of Nutrient availability in soil sample with worm cast
Available Nutrient
( in Kg / ha )
Soil sample from the site
(control)
Worm cast of
M.posthuma
, giant
tropical earthworm
Soil sample from the site
(control)
Worm cast of
(mixed species)
P.excavatus
E.foetida
(1:1)
(1:1) &
Nitrogen
340.2
610.2
269.7
573.88
Phosphorus
40.8
46.7
61.9
70.65
Potash
380.7
781
561.25
825.85
AN EXAMPLE OF ORGANIC FARMING CONVERTED TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IN RICE) IN THREE YEARS TIME
Farmer: – Pitambar Jena Village: – MangalpurDistrict: – Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: – Sandy loam, Period of organic management – since 2001
Crop:-Rice Variety: – Kasturi (HYV), Cultivation under study: -kharif 2004 – 05
Area under cultivation: – 1214 sq.mts.(30dec.,approximately- 1 bigha)
Ingredients applied (@ as below since 2001)
1. Sesbania (dhanicha)- 3 kg (@ of 10 kg/acre), incorporated at pre flowering stage.
2. Pongam oil cake— 45 kg (@ 1.5 qntls./acre), applied at the time pudling (with dhanicha).
3.
Farm yard manure – 3 qntls.( @ 10 qntls/acre) applied at the time sowing of dhanicha seeds(after 2nd ploughing)
.
4. Stocked cow urine as collected from the cattle shed with soil and applied in the field – in 2 applications ( at the time of 1st T D and 2nd T D )- 1.2 qntls (@ 4 qntls/acre).
5. Regular fresh dilute(1:9) cow urine applications-from panicle initiation till ripening of paddy seeds.(cow urine – N= 78 / 83 ppm; P = 8.18 –/9.73 ppm ; K = 387.5 / 385.5 ppm
with reference to Jersey and native cow respectively ).
Soil fertility Index as observed-
Time of sample collection N(kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha)
——————————– —————– ————— ——————–
Initial soil fertility ——– 283.7 42.6 168.3
45 days after transplantation 458.2 45.8 273.6
75 -do- -do- 462.1 39.9 260.1
After harvesting of crop 393.6 35.2 254.7
Actual Grain Yield
(in quintal)
Grain Yield
(in qntl./Ac)
Actual Straw yield
(in quintal)
Straw yield
(in qntl./Ac)
Gross Input
(in Rupees)
Gross Return
(in Rupees)
B: C Ratio
8.5
28.33
9.9
33
1,317/-
5,892/-
4.47
Observation of pest attack:- No significant pest attack was observed at any stage of cultivation
Sustainable agriculture is advantageous because:-
?
Least chance of seed – crop failure – farmer being the seed owner himself.
?
Soil full of humus, moisture and fertility.
?
Least dependence on purchased inputs – more dependence on internal inputs.
?
Least chances of crop failure due to pests and diseases, as pests are managed by biopest control measures and through use of botanicals.
?
Higher returns with higher cost benefit ratios.
?
Helps conserve water, the most important and critical resource of the time.
?
Ensures food safety with food security and can address the increasing global hunger adequately.
?
Preserves environment, maintain ecological balance.
?
Generates healthy and tasty food with higher keeping quality.
?
Makes agriculture a profitable enterprise, conserve the small and marginal farmers who produce the largest bulk of food.
?
Amplifies conservation of biodiversity including agro biodiversity.
Organic farming biological farming biodiversity based farming.
It is the method of agriculture which generates comparatively more food in harmony with the nature.
If the current high input oriented chemical agriculture be labelled
“green revolution”, then organic farming supplemented by biodiversity and positive biotechnology (including vermitechnology) easy enough for the farming communities the world over to understand and implement would be labeled as the “evergreen revolution”. However, the global approach to land use planning must be strictly and sustainably addressed to.
AN EXAMPLE OF ORGANIC FARMING CONVERTED TO SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE (IN RICE) IN THREE YEARS TIME
Farmer: – Pitambar Jena Village: – MangalpurDistrict: – Mayurbhanj (Orissa)
Soil type: – Sandy loam, Period of organic management – since 2001
Crop:-Rice Variety: – Kasturi (HYV), Cultivation under study: -kharif 2004 – 05
Area under cultivation: – 1214 sq.mts.(30dec.,approximately- 1 bigha)
Ingredients applied (@ as below since 2001)
1. Sesbania (dhanicha)- 3 kg (@ of 10 kg/acre), incorporated at pre flowering stage.
2. Pongam oil cake— 45 kg (@ 1.5 qntls./acre), applied at the time pudling (with dhanicha).
3.
Farm yard manure – 3 qntls.( @ 10 qntls/acre) applied at the time sowing of dhanicha seeds(after 2nd ploughing)
.
4. Stocked cow urine as collected from the cattle shed with soil and applied in the field – in 2 applications ( at the time of 1st T D and 2nd T D )- 1.2 qntls (@ 4 qntls/acre).
5. Regular fresh dilute(1:9) cow urine applications-from panicle initiation till ripening of paddy seeds.(cow urine – N= 78 / 83 ppm; P = 8.18 –/9.73 ppm ; K = 387.5 / 385.5 ppm
with reference to Jersey and native cow respectively ).
Soil fertility Index as observed-
Time of sample collection N(kg/ha) P(kg/ha) K(kg/ha)
——————————– —————– ————— ——————–
Initial soil fertility ——– 283.7 42.6 168.3
45 days after transplantation 458.2 45.8 273.6
75 -do- -do- 462.1 39.9 260.1
After harvesting of crop 393.6 35.2 254.7
Inference on applications of captive conditions:-
1. In each pot 5 mother plants were transplanted which amounted to one hill. Assuming that there are 30 number of hills per square metre, it would work out to 1,21,410 number of hills in an acre, as an acre is 4047 square meters. The yield in pot no. 31, if replicated in field condition would yield Q.48.56 quintals per acre. However the applications made in the pots is difficult to simulate in field condition, hence, the yield in field condition would be little less.
2. There is no correlation between yield of grain and straw.
3. The best application to enhance soil fertility in order to achieve highest yield potentials, it is recommended to simulate that of pot no. 31,i,e., Sesbania + Vermicompost + Azolla + Neem oil cake + Bacterial fertilizers + Cow urine(all in 3 doses,basal,1st.TD & 2nd.TD)
4. In sustainability of the practice, bacterial fertilizers is a purchased input, however, the same would not be required in the long run. Besides, Neem oil cake also a purchased input can be replaced by ground Neem kernel at one third proportions. Thus all purchased inputs can be replaced by internal inputs. When this is so done, the practice becomes sustainable and yield enhanced.
CHANGES IN SOIL FERTILITY INDEX WITH REFERENCE TO N P K AFTER INCORPORATION OF DIFFERENT GREEN LEAF MANURES
Study undertaken by a team at FM (Auto.) College, Balasore (Orissa) with UGC assistance.
Nutrient Initial Soil Neem Leaf Moringa Leaf Water Hyacinth Cassia Leaf Pongam Leaf
Name fertility (Azadirachata) (Eichornia) (Pongamia)
——– ———– —————- ————— ——————- ————– —————
Nitrogen
(Kg/ha) 269.7 291.64 310.46 299.48 294.48 303.36
Phosphorus
(Kg/ha) 61.9 62.3 62.5 62 62.7 63
Potash
(Kg/ha) 561.25 591.36 598.08 608.83 596.73 594.04
Methods followed: N= Subiah & Asija, (Kjeldahl Appt.) P= Olsen, (Spectro photometer) &
& Apparatus used: K= Ammonium acetate, (MP based digital flame photometer)
Assessment of Nutrient status of Worm cast soil collected from different sites Conducted by a team at FM (Auto.) College, Balasore, (Orissa) with UGC assistance
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Posted on June 25, 2009 - by Vic Desotelle
What is Sustainable Building About?
Stephan Wall asked:
Supporting Your Vision
What happens when you imagine what it’s like to be fully supported through every stage of the project you’re working on – each key stage from initial design to reality? If you’re already one of our preferred customers, you don’t have to imagine it!
If you haven’t yet become a customer of any company like this and realise the value in being supported and backed up by experts in the field, when now would be a good time to give us a call and get more information as to how we can provide you with the kind of service you want and deserve?
Spiders & Routels
To make your sourcing job easier, you might be happy to hear that we provide high quality spiders and routels for architectural point-fixed glass engineering.
Keeping Updated
They say that ‘no news is good news’, and we know that keeping up with the latest industry developments is critical to your ongoing growth and success. With that in mind, you might want to be kept in the loop about such matters as Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) – this EU Directive contains a range of provisions aimed at improving energy performance in residential and non- residential buildings, both new build and existing.
The Expertise is Your Guarantee of Quality
First we seek to understand your outcome thoroughly, and only after that has been accomplished do we provide you with the best possible and durable solutions because your satisfaction is our main goal. And since the timely completion of your projects and/or sites is critical, you’ll be able to relax when you begin to experience our skilled manpower.
Less stress means more effortless productivity.
We understand that it makes no sense to partner with us until you are convinced that our 28 years of professional acumen and expertise for handling the work you’ll give us is exactly what you’re looking for.
Is Your House AirTight?
Learn about a wide range of air-tightness services and products – to ensure the right design and specification as well as construction quality – to the Irish construction industry.
Airtight, air-tightness, or airtightness – whichever way you say it, is basically the elimination of draughts and is a crucial component in combating wasted energy, a
critical factor in any low energy build and all too often overlooked in comparison to insulation and energy sources.
Imagine wearing a thick wool jumper on a cold windy day – it might sound like a good idea until you step out into the cold and feel the wind blow right through. But if over the wool jumper you put on a jacket and zip it up, then you’ll begin to warm up as the wool insulation can now do its job properly,
It’s the same with buildings – even though you have insulation in your house, without a zipped up jacket, the warmth will be blown away by penetrating wind. It stands to reason that if you can keep the warm air in and the cold air out you will decrease draughts, enjoy a cosier environment and smile at smaller heating bills.
The expensive heat that you have built up in your home or office can leak out through door and window seals, up the chimney, through the attic and poorly installed or compromised vents.
Whether you call it air infiltration or air permeability, NSS can help you with the right testing, and then find for you the specified products – be they seals for doors, spray foams, or whatever you might need to make that building warm and energy efficient.
Experience shows that the key to successfully making your structure air tight is to firstly get the design and specifications right, followed by the installation of the best quality products.
Website content
Supporting Your Vision
What happens when you imagine what it’s like to be fully supported through every stage of the project you’re working on – each key stage from initial design to reality? If you’re already one of our preferred customers, you don’t have to imagine it!
If you haven’t yet become a customer of any company like this and realise the value in being supported and backed up by experts in the field, when now would be a good time to give us a call and get more information as to how we can provide you with the kind of service you want and deserve?
Spiders & Routels
To make your sourcing job easier, you might be happy to hear that we provide high quality spiders and routels for architectural point-fixed glass engineering.
Keeping Updated
They say that ‘no news is good news’, and we know that keeping up with the latest industry developments is critical to your ongoing growth and success. With that in mind, you might want to be kept in the loop about such matters as Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) – this EU Directive contains a range of provisions aimed at improving energy performance in residential and non- residential buildings, both new build and existing.
The Expertise is Your Guarantee of Quality
First we seek to understand your outcome thoroughly, and only after that has been accomplished do we provide you with the best possible and durable solutions because your satisfaction is our main goal. And since the timely completion of your projects and/or sites is critical, you’ll be able to relax when you begin to experience our skilled manpower.
Less stress means more effortless productivity.
We understand that it makes no sense to partner with us until you are convinced that our 28 years of professional acumen and expertise for handling the work you’ll give us is exactly what you’re looking for.
Is Your House AirTight?
Learn about a wide range of air-tightness services and products – to ensure the right design and specification as well as construction quality – to the Irish construction industry.
Airtight, air-tightness, or airtightness – whichever way you say it, is basically the elimination of draughts and is a crucial component in combating wasted energy, a
critical factor in any low energy build and all too often overlooked in comparison to insulation and energy sources.
Imagine wearing a thick wool jumper on a cold windy day – it might sound like a good idea until you step out into the cold and feel the wind blow right through. But if over the wool jumper you put on a jacket and zip it up, then you’ll begin to warm up as the wool insulation can now do its job properly,
It’s the same with buildings – even though you have insulation in your house, without a zipped up jacket, the warmth will be blown away by penetrating wind. It stands to reason that if you can keep the warm air in and the cold air out you will decrease draughts, enjoy a cosier environment and smile at smaller heating bills.
The expensive heat that you have built up in your home or office can leak out through door and window seals, up the chimney, through the attic and poorly installed or compromised vents.
Whether you call it air infiltration or air permeability, NSS can help you with the right testing, and then find for you the specified products – be they seals for doors, spray foams, or whatever you might need to make that building warm and energy efficient.
Experience shows that the key to successfully making your structure air tight is to firstly get the design and specifications right, followed by the installation of the best quality products.
Website content
Posted on June 25, 2009 - by Vic Desotelle
Customized Supplies for Organizational Development
Remy LeBeau asked:
If you have read “Organizational Development through Personalized Supplies” you will learn that the company’s overall efficiency is highly dependent on its employees. Rewarding their efforts is important if you want to keep your employees and work more efficiently and increase their productivity. In this article, we will discuss our suggested solutions to improve the work producivity of your workforce.
First, the organizations’ leaders must first impose the changes on themselves. Second, The leaders should then cultivate the self-imposed changes in their employees. And personalized supplies play an important role in the latter.
Cultivating change in your employees cannot be achieved with a single action. In order to accomplish a sustaining transformation that is accepted throughout the organization, a collection of continuous activities are required from the company’s leaders. Distributing personalized supplies is one of the activities to aid this transformation.
Personalized supplies imprinted with the company’s “new” vision will serve as a continuous reminder of the new direction the company is targeting. The distributed personalized supplies will also increase your employees’ morale as these promotional items provide a sense of unity, belongingness and pride. Lastly, by distributing personalized supplies, you are also showing your appreciation for the efforts of your employees, which is also a key factor in employee retention.
With all these benefits, one can really see the importance of personalized supplies in enhancing the productivity of the employees and the organization as a whole. And the development of the company can be achieved through this simple effort in conjunction with other activities that all share a single goal of organizational culture transformation.
I guess the next question is, what are the recommended personalized supplies you can use for your employees? Popular custom employee products are: Corporate Awards, Inspirational Books, Classic Executive Pens, Employee Gift Sets, Lapel Pins and Jewelry and Paper Weights, all can be custom personalized with company logo or message saying a “job well done”. These Promotional Employee items can be bought on any promotional products website at wholesale prices, I would suggest you better look for the best deals online.
Kansieo.com
If you have read “Organizational Development through Personalized Supplies” you will learn that the company’s overall efficiency is highly dependent on its employees. Rewarding their efforts is important if you want to keep your employees and work more efficiently and increase their productivity. In this article, we will discuss our suggested solutions to improve the work producivity of your workforce.
First, the organizations’ leaders must first impose the changes on themselves. Second, The leaders should then cultivate the self-imposed changes in their employees. And personalized supplies play an important role in the latter.
Cultivating change in your employees cannot be achieved with a single action. In order to accomplish a sustaining transformation that is accepted throughout the organization, a collection of continuous activities are required from the company’s leaders. Distributing personalized supplies is one of the activities to aid this transformation.
Personalized supplies imprinted with the company’s “new” vision will serve as a continuous reminder of the new direction the company is targeting. The distributed personalized supplies will also increase your employees’ morale as these promotional items provide a sense of unity, belongingness and pride. Lastly, by distributing personalized supplies, you are also showing your appreciation for the efforts of your employees, which is also a key factor in employee retention.
With all these benefits, one can really see the importance of personalized supplies in enhancing the productivity of the employees and the organization as a whole. And the development of the company can be achieved through this simple effort in conjunction with other activities that all share a single goal of organizational culture transformation.
I guess the next question is, what are the recommended personalized supplies you can use for your employees? Popular custom employee products are: Corporate Awards, Inspirational Books, Classic Executive Pens, Employee Gift Sets, Lapel Pins and Jewelry and Paper Weights, all can be custom personalized with company logo or message saying a “job well done”. These Promotional Employee items can be bought on any promotional products website at wholesale prices, I would suggest you better look for the best deals online.
Kansieo.com
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